Kev Taw Qhia
Kev xaiv lub foob ntawm lub twj tso kua dej hauv dej tsis yog hais txog kev sib phim tus lej ntawm qhov chaw thiab ntau ntxiv txog kev txhais cov xwm txheej ua haujlwm tseeb uas nws yuav tsum muaj sia nyob. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub foob nyob ntawm hom nkoj, kev tsim lub twj tso kua mis, cov khoom ntawm cov kua, siab, kub, qhov ceev ntawm lub qhov, kev co, thiab lub sijhawm txij nkawm, thiab qhov tsis haum hauv ib qho chaw tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev xau, lub sijhawm tsis tau npaj tseg, thiab tus nqi siab dua ntawm lub neej. Daim ntawv teev npe no pab koj npaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ua ntej piv cov kev xaiv, yog li koj tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov sib xws, kev ntseeg siab, kev ua raws li, thiab lub neej ua haujlwm nrog tsawg dua qhov kev xav thiab tsawg dua qhov xav tsis thoob thaum lub twj tso kua mis rov qab ua haujlwm.
Vim li cas thiaj pib nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm daim ntawv thov rau cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm lub twj tso kua mis marine
Kev yuav lub twj tso kua mis hauv dej hiav txwv yuav tsum tau siv txoj kev tsim kho kom zoo dua li kev hloov pauv yooj yim. Ib puag ncig hauv dej hiav txwv ua rau cov khoom siv tig mus rau cov kua dej hnyav, kev co tas mus li, thiab kev hloov pauv siab, xav tau kev ua tib zoo xaiv cov khoom. Kev tsim cov kev cai siv kom raug yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas kev ntseeg tau ntawm lub foob, xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom siv xaiv tau sib haum nrog lub nkoj cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm thiab cov luag haujlwm tswj hwm.
Lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm, kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xau, thiab tus nqi ntawm lub neej hloov pauv li cas rau kev txiav txim siab
Cov twj tso kua dej tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov nkoj lag luam muaj kev nplua nyiaj ntau, nrog rau cov nqi tsis ua haujlwm feem ntau tshaj $ 15,000 txog $ 25,000 ib hnub nyob ntawm hom nkoj thiab tus nqi xauj tsev. Lub foob ntawm lub twj tso kua dej hauv hiav txwv uas puas lawm yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ua haujlwm ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev poob dej me me mus rau dej nyab loj heev lossis kev ua qias tuaj ib puag ncig uas ua txhaum cov cai MARPOL. Yog li ntawd, cov pab pawg yuav khoom yuav tsum ntsuas tus nqi tag nrho ntawm lub neej tsis yog tsuas yog kev siv nyiaj pib xwb.
Ib lub foob pob hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws uas tsim los rau 8,000-teev Lub Sijhawm Nruab Nrab Ntawm Kev Ua Tsis Tau Zoo (MTBF) yuav ua rau tus nqi tag nrho ntawm kev muaj tsawg dua piv rau lwm txoj hauv kev pheej yig uas yuav tsum tau hloov txhua 2,000 teev, suav nrog kev ua haujlwm, kev kho kom qhuav, thiab cov nuj nqis tawm ntawm kev ntiav uas cuam tshuam nrog kev saib xyuas ntau zaus.
Yuav tsum txhais cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub nkoj, lub twj tso kua mis, thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm twg
Cov lus qhia meej pib nrog kev kos duab hom lub nkoj, cov qauv twj tso kua mis, thiab cov qauv ua haujlwm meej. Cov kws ua haujlwm yuav tsum sau tseg seb lub twj tso kua mis yog centrifugal, rotary gear, lossis screw-type, vim qhov no qhia txog qhov dynamics ntawm lub qhov thiab axial play uas lub foob yuav tsum haum. Ntxiv mus, lub voj voog ua haujlwm - txawm tias kev ua haujlwm tas mus li ntawm lub hauv paus zoo li lub twj tso kua mis txias ntawm lub cav tseem ceeb, lossis kev siv tsis tu ncua, kev siv siab xws li ballast lossis lub twj tso kua mis tua hluav taws - hloov pauv qhov thermal thiab mechanical stresses ntawm lub ntsej muag foob.
Kev txhais cov kua nruab nrab kuj tsis sib haum xeeb. Kev tswj cov dej hiav txwv ib puag ncig yuav tsum muaj kev txiav txim siab sib txawv piv rau kev siv roj hnyav (HFO) uas kub txog 130 ° C lossis cov av nplaum abrasive bilge. Cov kev txwv viscosity, particulate concentration, thiab cov kua dej vapor siab yuav tsum tau sau tseg kom ntseeg tau tias lub foob xaiv tau tswj hwm cov kua dej ruaj khov yam tsis muaj flashing lossis hnav ua ntej.
Yuav ua li cas xaiv qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm lub twj tso kua mis marine
Kev txhais cov kev xav tau ua haujlwm mus rau hauv cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb yog cov kauj ruam kawg hauv cov txheej txheem yuav khoom. Cov neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum taug kev ntau yam qauv foob, cov kev xaiv khoom siv, thiab cov kev ua tau zoo nruj kom paub qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub twj tso kua mis marine rau lawv daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.
Cov khoom siv sib piv ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw, cov khoom siv sib xyaw, thiab cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke li cas
Qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke, cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke ntawm daim di ncauj, thiab cov khoom ntim qog nyob ntawm qhov siab ntawm lub kaw lus, kev kam rau xau, thiab kev muaj peev xwm txij nkawm.Cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj kho tshuab muab kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, siv cov ntsej muag precision-lapped kom ua tiav ze li xoom xau, ua rau lawv yuav tsum tau rau cov tshuab siab, cov kua dej txaus ntshai, thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm niaj hnub.
Cov foob ntawm daim di ncauj, ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv elastomeric, muab kev daws teeb meem pheej yig rau cov ntawv thov qis dua (feem ntau nyob rau hauv 3 bar) xws li cov twj tso dej hauv tsev, txawm hais tias lawv yuav hnav sai dua. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov qog ntim ib txwm sawv cev rau cov thev naus laus zis qub; thaum lawv tso cai rau kev tswj hwm kev xau kom lubricate lub qhov, lawv qhov kev kam rau siab rau qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov chaw thiab yooj yim ntawm kev hloov pauv tseem ua pov thawj lawv siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb uas muaj kev co siab lossis cov slurry hnyav.
Cov kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm twg, kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kua dej tseem ceeb
Qhov ua tau ntev ntawm lub twj tso kua mis marine nyob ntawm seb cov khoom siv sib txuas ntawm nws lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb thiab cov elastomers theem ob. Rau cov ntawv thov abrasive xws li dej hiav txwv lossis dredge pumping, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub ntsej muag tawv xws li silicon carbide (SiC) tawm tsam silicon carbide yog tus qauv, muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov khoom me me txog li 50 microns yam tsis muaj qhab nia. Hauv cov ntawv thov dej huv, kev sib txuas carbon piv rau SiC muab kev ciaj sia zoo heev thaum qhuav thiab kev sib txhuam qis dua.
Kev xaiv elastomer yuav tsum ua raws li qhov sib xws ntawm cov kua thiab cov kev txwv thermal: Nitrile (NBR) yog qhov haum rau dej hiav txwv txias thiab cov roj txheem txog li 90 ° C, Viton (FKM) tswj tau qhov kub siab dua thiab cov roj hnyav txog li 200 ° C, thaum EPDM yog tshwj tseg rau dej thiab pa, vim nws lwj sai thaum kov cov khoom roj av.
Cov neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum siv lub rooj sib piv twg rau qhov siab, qhov ceev, thiab qhov kub
Yuav kom ua kom cov txheej txheem xaiv yooj yim dua, cov pab pawg engineering thiab cov neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum siv cov txheej txheem kev ua tau zoo uas tau teev tseg. Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog cov qauv kev ua haujlwm rau cov kev teeb tsa foob thawj zaug, pab tshem tawm cov thev naus laus zis tsis tsim nyog sai sai.
| Kev Siv Tshuab Seal | Siab Tshaj Plaws (bar) | Qhov Ceev Tshaj Plaws ntawm Ncej (m/s) | Kub thiab txias (°C) | Daim Ntawv Thov Marine Thawj Zaug |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kev Sib Txuas Lus Mechanical Seal (SiC/SiC) | Txog li 40 bar | 25 m/s | -40 txog 200 ° C | Kev txias tseem ceeb, Boiler pub, Cov twj tso kua mis thauj khoom |
| Elastomeric Lip Seal | Txog li 3 bar | 15 m/s | -20 txog 120°C | Kev hloov pauv qis, dej hauv tsev |
| PTFE Gland Ntim | Txog li 20 bar | 10 m/s | -50 txog 250 ° C | Bilge sludge, Legacy ballast systems |
Yuav ua li cas los ntsuam xyuas qhov zoo thiab kev ua raws li lub foob ntawm lub twj tso kua mis marine
Kev txheeb xyuas qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua raws li txoj cai ntawm lub foob ntawm lub twj tso kua mis hauv dej hiav txwv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nyab xeeb hauv dej hiav txwv. Cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg thiab kev ua raws li cov qauv ntawm lub koom haum faib tawm cais cov khoom siv engineering ruaj khov ntawm cov kev xaiv ua lag luam tsis zoo.
Cov duab kos twg, cov ntaub ntawv xeem, cov ntaub ntawv taug qab, thiab cov ntawv pov thawj hauv hiav txwv xav tau
Kev ua raws li txoj cai hauv kev lag luam maritime yuav tsum tau muaj kev taug qab tag nrho thiab cov ntaub ntawv xeem uas tuaj yeem lees paub. Cov lus qhia txog kev yuav khoom yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj daim ntawv pov thawj xeem khoom siv raws li EN 10204 3.1, kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov khoom foob tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau qhov yaj tseem ceeb.Rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab, cov ntawv qhia txog qhov ntev thiab qhov chaw tiav yog qhov tseem ceeb; lub ntsej muag foob lapped yuav tsum ua tiav qhov kev kam rau siab ntawm kwv yees li 2 helium lub teeb bands (0.58 microns) los lav qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kua dej ua yeeb yaj kiab.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov ntaub ntawv xeem hydrostatic pressure—feem ntau ua ntawm 1.5 npaug ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws tsim—paub tseeb tias lub foob pob hluav taws puas ruaj khov. Rau cov kab ke tseem ceeb ntawm lub nkoj, kev pom zoo hom los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), xws li DNV, ABS, lossis Lloyd's Register, yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej.
Cov kev xaiv OEM thiab aftermarket sib txawv li cas hauv qhov zoo, haum, thiab kev txhawb nqa
Qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Thawj (OEM) cov foob thiab cov kev xaiv tom qab kev lag luam cuam tshuam nrog kev sib npaug ntawm tus nqi, kev pheej hmoo, thiab kev txhawb nqa. Cov foob OEM lav qhov loj me, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom, thiab kev sib koom ua ke nrog lub twj tso kua mis lub warranty, txawm hais tias lawv feem ntau hais kom tus nqi siab dua thiab tej zaum yuav raug rau lub sijhawm xa khoom nruj.
Qib siabcov chaw tsim khoom tom qab kev lag luamtuaj yeem txo tus nqi ntawm 20% txog 40% thaum tswj hwm cov qauv hlau sib npaug lossis zoo dua. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv cov kev xaiv tom qab kev lag luam xav tau kev saib xyuas kev tsim kho sab hauv. Cov neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias tus neeg muag khoom tom qab kev lag luam siv kev tsim kho rov qab raug nrog kev ua siab ntev ntawm kev tsim khoom (feem ntau ± 0.01 hli) thiab muab kev txhawb nqa kev teeb tsa sib npaug; txwv tsis pub, kev txuag nqi thawj zaug yuav raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua tsis tiav ntawm lub foob ua ntej lub sijhawm.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam, kev xa khoom, thiab kev teeb tsa cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov nqi
Dhau li ntawm tus nqi ib chav thiab cov lus qhia txog kev siv tshuab, tag nrho tus nqi ntawm kev muaj lub foob dej twj tso kua mis hauv dej hiav txwv yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cov txheej txheem xa khoom thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem teeb tsa. Kev saib tsis taus cov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev thauj mus los thiab kev siv tshuab no feem ntau ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau dhau thiab ua rau cov khoom siv tsis ua haujlwm ua ntej lub sijhawm.
Tus nqi ib chav, txoj kev npaj tseg, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus kom muaj nuj nqis, thiab lub sijhawm ua khoom siv cuam tshuam li cas rau tus nqi
Cov pab pawg yuav khoom yuav tsum tshuaj xyuas cov kev hloov pauv lag luam uas txiav txim siab txog kev npaj khoom muag. Tus nqi ib chav ntawm lub foob pob twj tso kua mis tshwj xeeb hauv dej hiav txwv tsuas yog ib feem ntawm nws cov nqi tag nrho. Lub sijhawm ua cov foob pob SiC tshwj xeeb lossis cov khoom siv siab tuaj yeem ntev txog 8 txog 12 lub lis piam, uas yuav tsum tau npaj ua ntej thiab lub tswv yim khoom seem zoo kom ua tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm lub koom haum faib tawm rau qhov tseem ceeb.
Qhov Tsawg Kawg Nkaus (MOQs) kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau kev txiav txim siab yuav khoom. Thaum cov foob ntawm daim di ncauj lossis cov nplhaib O-rings txheem yuav xav tau MOQ ntawm 50 txog 100 units kom tsav cov luv nqi yuav ntau,cov foob cartridge nyuajFeem ntau yog yuav los ntawm ib tus zuj zus. Kev sib npaug ntawm cov peev txheej khi rau hauv cov khoom muag tawm tsam qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsis muaj khoom muag yog qhov kev txawj ntse tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm cov tsheb thauj khoom niaj hnub no.
Cov kev kuaj xyuas kev teeb tsa, kev tswj kev sib dhos, thiab cov kauj ruam ua haujlwm twg thiaj li txo tau qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua tsis tiav
Lub foob uas tau tsim tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws yuav ua tsis tau sai yog tias cov txheej txheem kev teeb tsa thiab kev ua haujlwm raug cuam tshuam. Cov neeg teeb tsa yuav tsum xyuas kom meej cov xwm txheej ntawm lub qhov ua ntej teeb tsa; qhov siab tshaj plaws uas tso cai rau lub qhov khiav tawm (Kev Nyeem Ntawv Qhia Tag Nrho lossis TIR) feem ntau yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.05 hli, thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub cev yuav tsum tau tswj hwm kom tsis txhob muaj kev co axial rau lub ntsej muag foob.
Kev tswj hwm kev sib dhos ntawm lub twj tso kua mis thiab lub cev muaj zog kuj tseem ceeb ib yam nkaus, vim tias qhov tsis sib dhos ntawm lub kaum sab xis ua rau lub ntsej muag tsis sib npaug thiab hnav sai. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, yuav tsum tau ua kom lub qhov cua ntawm lub foob kom zoo kom tiv thaiv kev khiav qhuav - qhov xwm txheej uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntsej muag silicon carbide tawg hauv ob peb feeb ntawm kev pib. Kev siv cov npe teev tseg kev teeb tsa tau txo qis cov hom kev ua tsis tiav ntawm tib neeg.
Daim ntawv teev npe twg pab cov neeg yuav khoom ua qhov kawg ntawm lub twj tso kua mis marine
Kev muab cov kev cai lij choj, kev lag luam, thiab kev cai lij choj sib sau ua ke rau hauv ib lub moj khaum kev ntsuam xyuas uas muaj kev teeb tsa zoo yuav ua rau cov neeg yuav khoom muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab yuav khoom yam tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo. Daim ntawv teev cov txheej txheem uas tau teeb tsa ua kom ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb twg raug saib tsis taus thaum lub sijhawm xaiv tus neeg muag khoom thiab kev yuav khoom.
Cov txheej txheem ib kauj ruam zuj zus uas cov pab pawg neeg yuav khoom thiab cov pab pawg tsim khoom yuav tsum ua raws li
Cov pab pawg yuav khoom thiab cov kws tsim khoom yuav tsum koom tes ua ke kom paub tseeb txhua yam ntawm lub foob ntawm lub twj tso kua mis marine. Cov txheej txheem pib nrog kev txhais cov xwm txheej ciam teb tseeb ntawm daim ntawv thov, ua raws li kev soj ntsuam cov khoom siv sib xws, cov peev xwm ntawm tus muag khoom, thiab tag nrho cov nqi siv lub neej. Kev siv lub matrix uas muaj qauv ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib phim thoob plaws txhua qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg koom nrog.
| Theem Kev Yuav Khoom | Yam Khoom Ua Haujlwm | Cov Qauv Txais / Kev Ntsuas |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Kev txheeb xyuas daim ntawv thov | Txhais cov kua dej, kub, siab, thiab ceev | Cov ntaub ntawv sib phim lossis poob qis dua qhov txwv siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub foob |
| 2. Kev Xaiv Khoom Siv | Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub ntsej muag/elastomer | Tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg; kev kam rau siab kub > +20 ° C siab tshaj qhov ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws |
| 3. Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev Ua Raws Cai | Thov EN 10204 3.1 thiab Kev Pom Zoo Rau Chav Kawm | Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tau muab thiab txheeb xyuas los ntawm tus tswv cuab IACS |
| 4. Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Lag Luam | Soj ntsuam lub sijhawm ua khoom, warranty, thiab spares | Lub sijhawm ua khoom < 6 lub lis piam; tsawg kawg 12 lub hlis lav ua haujlwm |
Cov cim ceeb toom twg qhia tias kev xaiv lub foob tsis zoo ntawm lub twj tso kua mis marine
Kev txheeb xyuas cov cim ceeb toom thaum ntxov hauv lub voj voog yuav khoom yuav tiv thaiv kev ua tsis tiav ntawm kev koom ua ke kim heev. Lub cim liab tseem ceeb yog tus muag khoom tsis muaj peev xwm lossis tsis kam muab cov ntaub ntawv khoom siv lossis cov ntaub ntawv kuaj xyuas dynamic, qhia tias tsis muaj kev tswj hwm zoo hauv tsev. Ntxiv mus, tus nqi qis dua li qub - feem ntau 50% qis dua qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev ua lag luam - feem ntau qhia txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm elastomer lossis cov txheej txheem lapping tsis zoo.
Cov neeg yuav khoom kuj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kev tswj cov khoom muag ntawm tus neeg muag khoom. Cov elastomers muaj lub sijhawm txee luv luv, feem ntau yog 5 txog 7 xyoo rau NBR thiab FKM. Kev yuav lub foob ntawm lub twj tso kua mis marine uas sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov O-rings uas tas sij hawm thiab lwj tag yuav lav qhov xau ua ntej lub sijhawm teeb tsa, ua rau txhua qhov kev txuag nqi pib tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.
Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb
- Cov lus xaus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab cov laj thawj rau lub foob dej twj tso kua mis marine
- Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb, kev ua raws li txoj cai, thiab kev kuaj xyuas kev pheej hmoo uas tsim nyog lees paub ua ntej koj cog lus
- Cov kauj ruam tom ntej thiab cov lus ceeb toom uas cov nyeem ntawv tuaj yeem siv tau tam sim ntawd
Cov Lus Nug Feem Ntau
Thaum yuav lub twj tso kua mis marine, kuv yuav tsum paub meej dab tsi ua ntej?
Pib nrog hom twj tso kua mis, qhov loj ntawm lub qhov, cov kua dej, qhov kub, qhov siab, qhov ceev, thiab lub voj voog ua haujlwm. Rau kev pabcuam hauv hiav txwv, kuj sau tseg kev co, kev raug dej hiav txwv, thiab cov kev txwv ntawm kev xau.
Hom foob twg zoo tshaj plaws rau cov twj tso kua mis marine?
Cov foob pob hluav taws xob feem ntau zoo tshaj plaws rau cov twj tso kua dej hauv dej uas xav tau qhov xau tsawg thiab muaj peev xwm siab dua. Cov foob pob ntawm daim di ncauj haum rau cov haujlwm siab qis dua, thaum cov khoom ntim khoom tuaj yeem haum rau cov dej ntws lossis kev pabcuam siab.
Kuv yuav xaiv cov ntaub ntawv foob rau dej hiav txwv lossis roj roj li cas?
Rau cov dej hiav txwv lossis cov khoom siv abrasive, SiC vs SiC yog qhov kev xaiv zoo. Rau cov kua dej huv dua, carbon vs SiC ua haujlwm zoo. Siv NBR rau cov roj txheem, FKM rau cov roj kub dua, thiab EPDM tsuas yog rau dej lossis pa dej.
Puas yog Victor Seals muab tau OEM-compatible marine pump shaft seals?
Yog. Victor Seals muab cov foob OEM-tshaj thiab hloov cov foob, cov khoom seem, cov khoom siv rotor, thiab cov khoom siv spindle rau cov twj tso kua dej hauv dej thiab cov twj siv hauv kev lag luam, suav nrog cov hom lag luam xws li IMO, Alfa Laval, Grundfos, thiab Allweiler.
Vim li cas tus nqi ntawm lub neej voj voog thiaj tseem ceeb dua li tus nqi yuav khoom?
Lub foob pheej yig dua yuav ua tsis tau sai dua, ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau ntxiv, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xau, thiab lub nkoj tsis ua haujlwm. Lub foob twj tso kua dej hauv dej hiav txwv uas siv tau ntev dua feem ntau txo cov nqi tag nrho los ntawm kev ncua sijhawm pabcuam thiab zam kev kho thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Rau Hli-23-2026